Meros back from conducting successful food safety seminars for Kenyan peanut processors

Meros just returned from a week in Kenya as part of the JICA SHEP program to work with local consultants to conduct a series of training programs to support entrepreneurs in the peanut butter processing industry. The Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment & Promotion (SHEP) program is a market-oriented agriculture program originally started by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Kenya in 2006 in increase farmer incomes with the philosophy of supporting farmers to “grow to sell”, not just “grow and sell’. The SHEP program has had remarkable success cases in increasing farmer incomes and has been replicated by JICA in other countries in Africa.

Kenya is now in its fourth cycle of JICA SHEP programs. In 2021 JICA SHEP initiated a new pilot project to support micro-entrepreneurs in crop processing. Peanut butter production in Homa Bay was chosen for this pilot. This year’s focus was to support the peanut butter micro-entrepreneurs’ efforts to develop a sustainable local industry.


Located in the eastern part of Kenya on the shores of Lake Victoria, Homa Bay is one of the most important groundnut production areas in Kenya. There is an emerging industry of young entrepreneurs who roast, grind, and process groundnuts into peanut butter. The Homa Bay peanut variety is called Homa Bay Red, which has a particularly high oil content and produces a smooth, creamy peanut butter.

However, discussions last year with producers and processors, including local agricultural extension workers, revealed that major hurdle for these young entrepreneurs was the process of obtaining food safety certification.


To grow their businesses, these entrepreneurs aim to sell their peanut butter to wholesalers who will be able to place their products into retail supermarkets. However, food safety certification has become a minimum requirement for wholesaling to supermarkets and other retail chains and is an unavoidable step for expanding into the channel. The challenge is that preparation for this certification requires internal plant maintenance, HACCP plans, lot control books, and various other types of record keeping that many of the entrepreneurs are not yet prepared for.

To help the micro-entrepreneurs get ready for food safety certification, we worked with local Kenyan counterparts, local agricultural extension agents, professional organizations, and Tom Mboya National University to conduct two intensive 3-day food safety seminars for the entrepreneurs in March and May.


The first session in March covered food safety basics and product standards for peanut butter, labeling and packaging, as well as GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice). This included guidance on choosing proper locations and premises for the processing, proper clothing while in the processing facilities, proper heating and cooling, the appropriate techniques and machinery for accurate weighing and measurement, as well as proper standards and techniques for cleaning. The participants could all practice their skills on university equipment.


The second session in May was more in-depth and practical, inviting a food safety certification organization to present on the next steps. The seminar focused on group work to review how to use a grain moisture meter, how to keep records and lot numbers, how to compile company rules and procedures, how to analyze risks in accordance with HACCP and create a HACCP plan for the company, as well as review the documents and procedures required to apply for food safety certification.


The participants in these workshops had all been nominated by the local agricultural extension staff as being among the best and brightest entrepreneurs in the region. Despite the tough 3-day course schedule, the peanut butter entrepreneurs all actively participated and had excellent, positive attitudes.

Under the slogan “Food Safety First, Money Later,” several of the participating processors have already begun preparing to apply for food safety certification this summer.

In future seminars, we plan to further address the issue of aflatoxin (toxic mold that can easily develop on some seeds and nuts), which is a major risk to peanuts, as well as business development topics such as ensuring a stable peanut supply and creating market development plans.

Meros Fieldwork: Japanese premium fruit struggles to stay on top in an increasingly innovative Hong Kong market

After years of aiming at a one trillion yen export goal, in 2021, for the first time, Japanese agricultural, forestry and fishery products’ export value finally exceeded one trillion yen ($9.09 billion USD).

Export Value of Japanese Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Products (2017-2021)

Source: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Hong Kong has long been a core market for Japan’s food and agriculture exports and it accounted for about 20% of Japan’s total exports in 2021. In particular, Japanese fruit is very popular in Hong Kong as premium fruit.

There are three main reasons why Japanese fruit has long been considered a premium fruit in the Hong Kong market. First, the fruit itself is considered by consumers to be extremely tasty with a beautiful appearance. Secondly, Japanese fruit tends to be nicely packaged, so  between the appearance of the fruit itself and the attractive packaging, Japanese fruit is often used as a gift in Hong Kong. Finally, Hong Kong consumers’ general image of Japan as a supplier is positive: Japan is considered to be clean and safe with high quality products.

Strawberries, apples, and grapes are especially in high demand, with each export value exceeding two billion yen ($18.18 million USD). In recent years, however, other countries have been putting effort into developing new higher quality varieties, improving growing methods for existing varieties, developing creative gift packaging, and actively marketing their products. As a result, Japan’s position is increasingly under threat.

Meros recently worked in Hong Kong on issues of fruit branding and fruit variety market protections. We looked at three important premium fruit markets and what the rising new suppliers are doing to take on Japan’s long-time lead in the Hong Kong market.

Strawberries in Hong Kong

Japanese strawberries are exported to Hong Kong mainly from winter to spring. Korean strawberries are also exported during this same period. However, according to fruit importers and retailers in Hong Kong, Japanese and Korean strawberries are not in direct competition. The reason is that consumers feel Japanese strawberries are superior in taste and juiciness and are willing to pay higher prices (at the highest end, Amaou, the most common Japanese variety in Hong Kong costs about 130 HKD (16.90 USD) per pack). Korean strawberries are about half the price of Japanese strawberries, but have typically been inferior in taste and juiciness to the Japanese berries. But newer Korean brands and varieties are catching up.

A new variety called Kingsberry, which began to be imported from Korea a few years ago, reportedly has almost the same quality and similar price range as Japanese strawberries. At present, Kingsberry is not a threat to Japan because of its limited supply and low recognition, but Korea appears to be marketing Kingsberry in Hong Kong with Korean government support. If consumers awareness grows and the supply increases in Hong Kong, it is likely to become a strong rival to Japanese strawberries.

Japanese Yuubeni variety strawberries from Kumamoto Prefecture, $109 HK per pack (left) and Korean Berry Licious brand strawberries $89 HK (right) sold side by side in Hong Kong.

Apples in Hong Kong

Japanese apples are exported to Hong Kong mainly from fall to spring. Hong Kong also imports apples from countries other than Japan, including the US, China, and New Zealand. Imports from New Zealand in particular have increased in recent years. New Zealand has been putting effort into developing new varieties and is actively marketing these new apple varieties to other countries. Because New Zealand is located in the southern hemisphere, their apple season is the opposite of Japan, and New Zealand apples are mainly exported from spring to summer. However, improvements in storage technology are lengthening the period when apples can be sold, and the sales periods of Japanese and NZ apples are beginning to overlap. This should be worrying to Japanese apple exporters.

The New Zealand apple brand most commonly available in Hong Kong is Envy. According to importers and retailers in Hong Kong, Envy sales are increasing in recent years because of its good taste, juiciness, and crunchiness, with a price is less than half of the typical Japanese apples. New Zealand also began selling an apple called Rockit, which is very small in size but not much different in price from Japanese apples. Rockit is sold in a unique vertical tube package and makes a good gift. It is already selling well in China among the wealthy. The supply of Rockit in Hong Kong is still limited, but there is no reason to think it won’t increase in the future.

New Zealand’s Rockit apples are marketed in branded plastic cylinder packaging and seem to be good as gifts in Hong Kong.

Grapes in Hong Kong

Japanese grapes are exported to Hong Kong mainly from summer to winter. In recent years, the most popular Japanese grape variety in Hong Kong has been the Shine Muscat. Shine Muscat is also grown in China and Korea and these countries sell during similar months as Japan in Hong Kong. Even though Japan, China and Korea are growing the same variety, there are differences in taste, crispness and size, and Japanese Shine Muscat tends to excel in these aspects.

However, according to local traders, the quality of Chinese Shine Muscat has been improving recently because of the improvement in cultivation methods, and some Chinese grapes are getting close to the Japanese quality level with a price is sometimes less than half of the Japanese Shine Muscat. In addition, Autumn Crisp, a grape brand developed in the US, has become increasingly popular in recent years in Hong Kong. Autumn Crisp is green seedless grape and looks quite similar to Shine Muscat, but is much less expensive.

Until recently, Japanese fruit were far ahead of fruit from other countries in terms of their taste, appearance, packaging, and recognition as premium fruit. However, because of the efforts of other countries, that gap is narrowing. In order to break out of this situation, Japan will need to put effort into developing new higher quality varieties, improving cultivation methods for existing varieties, trying more innovative and unique packaging, and actively marketing their products. Otherwise, there is a strong possibility that Japanese premium fruit will be replaced in Hong Kong by supply from other countries in the not-too-distant future.

Conversely, from the perspective of countries other than Japan, there is potential to gain even more share of the premium fruit market that has long been dominated by Japan. The gift market is particularly large in Hong Kong, where the number of people sending fruit as gifts is increasing, partly due to growing health consciousness. By focusing on packaging and effective marketing, it should be very possible for newer suppliers to take share in the fruit gift market in Hong Kong – and this should be wake up call to Japanese exporters to avoid becoming complacent in the changing Hong Kong market.

Carefully packaged Korean grapes (below) and similarly bright, but less expensive unpackaged Australian grapes (above) may rival Japanese premium Shine Muscat.

What were the high value products that Japan exported to tip it over the one trillion yen mark? Here is Japan’s exports by value by major category in 2021. Within Japan’s global trade, apples rank #13 in value.

Source: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Yes, plant-based meat has exploded in the Japan market, but it looks quite different from the alternative protein booms in Western markets

In spring of 2020, we observed a sudden explosion of plant-based meat and dairy products in the Japanese market, with new launches nearly every week. A year later, the launches continue, one after another.

While the conversation in western countries is often dominated by well-funded imitation meat products like Beyond Burger or Impossible Meats, in Japan the new alternative protein products were launched by domestic companies; nearly all major meat processors have released a plant-based meat alternative as well as products from major plant oil crushers and soy-based processors, dairy processors, frozen food manufacturers, health food & drink manufacturers, as well as many major retail chains and major café and hamburger chains.

However, interestingly, nearly all of these plant-based meat and dairy alternatives are soy-based, in contrast to Western countries where there is a much more diversity in the plant-based proteins used in meat alternatives, including pea protein, mung beans or seaweed.

The pioneers of alternative meat and dairy in the Japanese market are the major traditional soybean players. For example, Fujioil, the largest soybean cooking oil crusher, with a 50% share of the soy-based meat market, recently launched their fermented soy-based cheese, mainly for food service players and food processors. We heard from a cheese distributor that these soy-based alternative cheese products are quite price competitive and is starting to develop a market. Marukome, the largest traditional soybean seasoning paste (miso) manufacturer, was also one of the early players in the alternative meat market, with their plant-based ground meat. They have both retail and food service products. The retail sales of they ground soy “meat” grew quickly during COVID19 lockdowns, because some consumers who were limiting their grocery runs liked its long shelf life.

March 2020 was the magic month for meat alternatives in Japan with a sudden explosion of new products.

Almost all major meat processors entered the market. Starzen, one of the leading meat integrated company, together with a leading health food and drink manufacturer Otsuka, developed a brand called ‘ZEROMEAT’, and is selling plant-based sausages, meat ball and hamburg steak patties made from soy protein and egg whites. Ito Ham, one of the leading meat processors, also entered the market with a ‘Soy Meat’ brand in the last Spring. In the same week, the largest meat processor, Nippon Ham entered the market too with a brand called ‘Natu Meat’, which utilize konnyaku (the root of the konjac potato) to add chewy texture to the soy protein.

Of course, various manufactures of savory snacks as well as frozen ready-to-eat products also followed this trend. Koikeya, the second largest player in the savory snack market, expanded their pilot sales of a soy-based protein snack called ‘Guiltless Fried Chicken’ to nationwide in June 2020. Yonekyu, a leading meat and frozen food manufacture, developed a frozen ready-to-eat food brand called ‘AIR MEAT’, which includes curry, dim sum, meat balls and Sichuan-inspired mapo tofu.

In addition to those food manufacturers, the retail and food service chains are also main drivers of this soy-meat trend. In 2020, almost all convenience store chains, including Lawson, Seven Eleven, Family Mart, as well as several food service and cafe chains jumped into the market, but again, all of them are soy-based products. For example, Lawson, one of the leading convenience store chains, released various ready-to-eat products containing soy-based meat last year, including soy-based hamburgers, deep-fried soy-based cutlets, rice balls with soy meat, and deep-fried soy meat nuggets. The leading café chain, Doutor, also launched a soy-based burger in autumn 2020.

What is driving the alternative meat boom in Japan?

Most of these soy-based products are mainly developed for health-conscious consumers, and not necessarily in response to vegan or vegetarian trends, nor any particular focus on the environmental benefits of plant-based products. Many of these products contain eggs or dairy. The number of strict vegans or vegetarians is limited in Japan. A consumer survey conducted by a consulting firm Frembassy in Dec 2019 indicated that about 5.7% of Japanese consumers say they follow a vegan or vegetarian diet. However following a vegan or vegetarian diet in Japan is not necessarily driven by any ethical or lifestyle philosophy. Instead the concept of ‘vegan’ or ‘vegetarian’ in Japan in particular often refers to the type of food desired for a day or meal. “Let’s have vegan food on Friday!” is a common way to hear the term.

Furthermore, there is also hardly any mention of any environmental benefit of soy-based meat in the marketing messages. Japanese consumer concern about any negative environmental impact from the livestock industry is low in Japan, as seen by the surprise in Japan when the Japanese Minister of the Environment Shinjiro Koizumi was denounced in the Western media for eating steak when he went to New York to attend the UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019. Similarly, consumer awareness of the concept of animal welfare is also still very low in Japan.. An online survey conducted by the Animal Rights Center in March 2020 showed that 85.8% of consumers responded that they had never heard about animal welfare.

In fact, these newly launched soy-based plant protein products primarily rely on the existing positive image of soy embedded in the Japanese mind. “Soy is healthy” is a widely accepted concept among consumers in Japan. Japan has a long history of eating local soy-based products, like tofu and natto (fermented soybeans). Many Japanese consumers believe that Japanese traditional cuisine is ‘healthy,’ and the heavy use of various soy-based products in the traditional cuisine is considered as one of the reason traditional cuisine can be considered “healthy”. According to a survey conducted by My Voice Com in Dec 2019, 63% of consumers said they are making a conscious effort to include soy foods in their regular diet[1].

In addition to the overall positive health image of soybeans, Japanese consumers’ growing interest in protein in general is also helping these soy-based protein products. Demand for protein-enriched drinks and food began to increase in Japan in 2015, and this trend was further accelerated by the government’s increase in the recommended target protein requirement for seniors in 2018 to prevent frailty caused by aging. This led to increased consumption of products like whey protein powder, protein bars, and protein drinks. Such demand for protein further expanded after COVID19 as Japan consumers worried about the negative health impacts of “stay at home” restrictions in 2020.

As in Western markets, plant-based protein is a growing food innovation trend in Japan, but the context is very different. Marketing related to environmental benefits, sustainability or animal welfare are not part of the message. Japan is a soy-based alternative protein market, relying on consumers’ strong positive image toward soy as well as on the price competitiveness of soy protein compared to animal-based protein.

What does the future look like?

The trend towards increased protein consumption overall suggests that alternative meat is not just a fad, but has a chance to develop a permanent market in Japan, not necessarily as an alternative to meat or dairy, but as an additional source of affordable protein. We expect to see diversification from soy and into other plant ingredients. Konnyaku (konjac potato) is one that is getting recent play in alternative seafood products such as imitation unagi eel and pea protein suppliers from overseas have shown interest in the Japanese market.

However we expect that successful meat alternatives in Japan will need to continue to focus their marketing on taste, competitive price and “healthier” messaging, and not assume that mainstream Japanese consumers will pay a premium at the moment for plant-based products marketed as a sustainable or eco-friendly “alternative”.

[1] My Voice Com, Dec 16 2019, Survey on Soy Food Products
https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000820.000007815.html